Blue-Tooth:

   Bluetooth Summary

A global standard that:

• eliminates wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices

• facilitates both data and voice communication

• offers the possibility of ad hoc networks and delivers the ultimate synchronicity between

all your personal devices

The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and interoperability

requirements. It has been adopted not only by all major players in the telecom, computer

and home entertainment industry, but also in such diverse areas as the automotive industry

and health care, automation and toys, etc. - almost all sectors of the economy.

Harald Bluetooth

Harald Bluetooth was a Viking and king of Denmark between 940 and 981. One of his

skills was to make people talk to each other, and during his rule Denmark and Norway

were Christianized and united.

Today Bluetooth wireless technology enables people to

talk to each other, but this time by means of a low-cost

short-range radio link..

In the Danish town of Jelling Harald Bluetooth raised an

enormous rune stone which still stands in its original position.

It has the following runic inscription, adorned with an

image of Christ: “King Harald raised this monument to the

memory of Gorm his father and Thyre his mother, that

(same) Harald which won all Denmark and Norway and

made the Danes Christian.” Originally the stone was

painted.

In September 1999 a new stone was raised outside of Ericsson

Mobile Communications in Lund , this time to the

memory of Harald Bluetooth

The First Steps

The idea that resulted in the Bluetooth wireless technology was born in 1994 when Ericsson

Mobile Communications decided to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, lowcost

radio interface between mobile phones and their accessories. The idea was that a

small radio built into both the cellular telephone and the laptop would replace the cumbersome

cable used today to connect the two devices.

A year later the engineering work began and the true potential of the technology began to

crystallize. But beyond unleashing devices by replacing cables, the radio technology

showed possibilities to become a universal bridge to existing data networks, a peripheral

interface, and a mechanism to form small private ad hoc groupings of connected devices

away from fixed network infrastructures.

The SIG

In February 1998 the Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed. Today the Bluetooth SIG

includes promoter companies 3Com, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola,

Nokia and Toshiba, and thousands of Adopter/Associate member companies.

The assignment of the SIG originally was to monitor the technical development of short

range radio and to create an open global standard, thus preventing the technology from

becoming the property of a single company. This work resulted in the release of the first

Bluetooth Specification in July 1999. The further development of the Specification still is

one of the main issues for the SIG, other important tasks are interoperability requirements,

frequency band harmonization and promotion of the technology.

Learn more about the Bluetooth SIG at http://www.bluetooth.com/

Interoperability

From the very start one of the main goals for the SIG has been to include a regulatory

framework in the Specification that will guarantee full interoperability between different

devices from various manufacturers - as long as they share the same Profile.

While the usage models describe applications and intended devices, the Profiles specify

how to use the Bluetooth protocol stack for an interoperable solution. In each Profile it is

stated how to reduce options and set parameters in the base standard, how to use procedures

from several base standards. A common user experience is also defined. For example,

a computer mouse doesn’t need to communicate with a headset, and so they are built

to comply with different profiles.

The Profiles are a part of the Bluetooth Specification, and all devices must be tested

against one or more of the Profiles in order to fulfil the Bluetooth certification requirements.

The number of Profiles will continue to grow as new Bluetooth applications arise.

Compliance

The Bluetooth Qualification Program guarantees global interoperability between devices

regardless of the vendor and regardless of the country in which they are used. During the

test procedure which all devices must pass, it must be verified that they meet all requirements

regarding: radio link quality, lower layer protocols, profiles and information to

end-users. All qualified devices are listed at the SIG official website.

Usage Models

The profiles defined in version 1 of the Specification mainly address usage models concerning

the telecom and computing industries.

Three examples are “ Internet Bridge ”, the “Ultimate Headset” and the “Automatic Synchronizer”.

An Internet bridge giving constant access to the Internet is a useful and time-saving feature,

especially when the bandwidth of mobile phones is increasing rapidly. Bluetooth

wireless technology lets you surf the Internet without any cable connections wherever

you are, either by using a computer or by using the phone itself. When close to a wirebound

connection point, your mobile computer or handheld device can also connect

directly to the land line, but still without cables.

The Ultimate Headset allows you to use your mobile phone even if it’s placed in a briefcase,

thereby always keeping your hands free for more important tasks when you're at the

office or in your car.

Automatic synchronization of calendars, address books, etc. is a feature long-awaited

for many of us. Simply by entering your office, the calendar in your phone or PDA will

be automatically updated to agree with the one in your desktop PC, or vice versa. Phone

numbers and addresses will always be correct in all your portable devices without docking

through cables or infrared.

Bluetooth Products

Many companies have declared that Bluetooth wireless technology will be incorporated

into their products, especially when components becomes cheaper. In a forecast made by

Cahners In-Stat Group (July 2000), the product availability during the next couple of

years was defined as three waves.

The first wave is believed to occur around the turn of the year 2000/2001 and will

include products like:

• Adapters for mobile phones and adapters (dongles) and PC Cards for notebooks and PCs

• High-end mobile phones and notebook PCs with integrated Bluetooth communication for

the business users.

• Bluetooth headsets are expected to enter the market by the first half of 2001.

• Cordless phones, handheld PCs, and PDAs will also be included in this first wave. The

first handheld PCs and PDAs are expected to enter the market during 2001.

The second wave will in many respects overlap the first. What we will see here is:

• PCs with Bluetooth circuitry on the motherboard.

• Printers, fax machines, digital still cameras, and products for industrial/medical and vertical

industries will also begin to move in the second wave.

• There will be some industrial solutions that may become available as soon as the end of

2000 or 1Q2001.

• In the automotive sector the first Bluetooth options are expected to appear for the 2002

model year

(hands-free mobile phone usage with your regular mobile phone)

The third wave will include

• low-cost mobile phones and lower-cost portable devices and desktop PCs.

Bluetooth wireless technology?

phase with the IT-boom the mobility among people has constantly grown and wireless

for voice and data have evolved rapidly during the past years.

electronic devices for home, personal and business use have been presented to

market during recent years but no widespread technology to address the needs of connecting

personal devices in Personal Area Networks (PAN). The demand for a system

easily could connect devices for transfer of data and voice over a short distances -

cables, grew stronger.

wireless technology fill this important communication need, with its ability to

both voice and data wirelessly, using a standard low-power, low-cost technology

which can be integrated in all devices and thus enable total mobility. The price

be low and result in mass production. The more units around, the more benefits for

customer.

estimated Bluetooth chip market is shown below.

The Technology

The Bluetooth Specification defines a short (around 10 m) or optionally a medium range

(around 100 m) radio link capable of voice or data transmission to a maximum capacity

of 720 kbps per channel.

Radio frequency operation is in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM)

band at 2.4 to 2.48 GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal

at up to 1600 hops/sec. The signal hops among 79 frequencies at 1 MHz intervals to give

a high degree of interference immunity. RF output is specified as 0 dBm (1 mW) in the

10m-range version and -30 to +20 dBm (100 mW) in the longer range version.

When producing the radio specification, high emphasis was put on making a design

enabling single-chip implementation in CMOS circuits, thereby reducing cost, power

consumption and the chip size required for implementation in mobile devices.

Voice

Up to three simultaneous synchronous voice channels are used, or a channel which simultaneously

supports asynchronous data and synchronous voice. Each voice channel supports

a 64 kb/s synchronous (voice) channel in each direction.

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@Written by Ali Lafzi Ghazi@